Koch Modular has the experience and technology to make these processes efficient and cost effective. LLE often offers a process with significantly reduced energy requirement, and as such can provide a cost effective process which has minimal energy utilization, a key factor for effective biofuel technology. Many of these chemicals are higher boiling than water or form azeotropes, resulting in high energy requirement for distillation. A common method is to perform an acid-base reaction, which can convert some compounds from neutral to ionic forms (or vice versa).Biofuels and chemicals produced by biological processes such as fermentation and algae often require liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) as the first step in recovery and purification. 4.8: Acid-Base Extraction A modification of the extractions previously discussed in this chapter is to perform a chemical reaction in the separatory funnel in order to change the polarity and therefore partitioning of a compound in the aqueous and organic layers.Solutions are added to the funnel to either extract or wash the mixture, with the goal of isolating the product from excess reagents, catalysts, side products, solvents, or compounds formed from side reactions. The work-up refers to methods aimed at purifying the material, and most commonly occur in a separatory funnel. 4.7: Reaction Work-Ups A key step in conducting a reaction and isolate the product comes immediately after the reaction is complete, and is called the reaction "work-up".4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions Steps are given for a single and multiple step extraction protocol.When equilibrium has established, the ratio of concentration of solute in each layer is constant for each system, and this can be represented by a value K (called the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient). The components are said to "partition" between the two layers, or "distribute themselves" between the two layers. 4.5: Extraction Theory When a solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent, solutes often dissolve in part into both layers.The solution with the lower density will rest on top, and the denser solution will rest on the bottom. Two immiscible solvents will stack atop one another based on differences in density. 4.4: Which Layer is Which? It is essential that you know whether the aqueous layer is above or below the organic layer in the separatory funnel, as it dictates which layer is kept and which is eventually discarded.It also enables the selective removal of components in a mixture. Extraction moves compounds from one liquid to another, so that they can be more easily manipulated or concentrated. It is a principal method for isolating compounds from plant materials. 4.3: Uses of Extraction There are several reasons to use extraction in the chemistry lab.In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction, a process that occurs in a separatory funnel. When a tea bag is added to hot water, the compounds responsible for the flavor and color of tea are extracted from the grounds into the water. 4.2: Overview of Extraction "Extraction" refers to transference of compound(s) from a solid or liquid into a different solvent or phase.4.1: Prelude to Extraction Organic solvents and colored aqueous solutions in separatory funnels.
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